{"id":2164,"date":"2020-05-11T18:31:17","date_gmt":"2020-05-11T15:31:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hansu.av.tr\/?p=2164"},"modified":"2020-05-15T16:55:34","modified_gmt":"2020-05-15T13:55:34","slug":"viyana-konvansiyonu-ve-6098-sayili-turk-borclar-kanununa-gore-satim-sozlesmesinde-hasarin-intikali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hansu.av.tr\/tr\/viyana-konvansiyonu-ve-6098-sayili-turk-borclar-kanununa-gore-satim-sozlesmesinde-hasarin-intikali\/","title":{"rendered":"Viyana Konvansiyonu ve 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019na G\u00f6re Sat\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Hasar\u0131n \u0130ntikali"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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V\u0130YANA KONVANS\u0130YONU \u00a0VE 6098 SAYILI T\u00dcRK BOR\u00c7LAR KANUNU\u2019NA G\u00d6RE SATIM S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMES\u0130NDE \u00a0HASARIN \u0130NT\u0130KAL\u0130<\/strong><\/p>

Esra HANSU<\/strong><\/p>

\u00d6ZET:<\/strong><\/p>

Hasar\u0131n \u0130ntikali meselesi sat\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Bu konu Roma Hukuku\u2019ndan beri, tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olmu\u015f bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131yla birlikte, \u0130svi\u00e7re Hukukunda ve di\u011fer yabanc\u0131 hukuklarda da ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok monografiye konu edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz de uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015flarda \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ki farkl\u0131 hukuki d\u00fczenlemeler nedeniyle problem olu\u015fturan konulardan biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, hasar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi meselesinin, 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda ve\u00a0 milletleraras\u0131 mal sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda maddi hukukun birle\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla\u00a0 imzalanm\u0131\u015f olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu 1980 tarihli \u00a0Mallar\u0131n Uluslararas\u0131 Sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 Hakk\u0131ndaki Viyana Antka\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndaki d\u00fczenlemeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>

1.G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>

Hasar\u0131n intikali meselesi, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde gittik\u00e7e karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fan, \u00e7o\u011fu kez uluslararas\u0131 bir mahiyet arz eden sat\u0131m ili\u015fkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Roma Hukuku\u2019ndan bu yana taraflar\u0131n ifa s\u00fcrecinin risklerini nas\u0131l payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131 sorunu, en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konulardan biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>

Hasar ve yarar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi, 1 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 208. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenirken, milletleraras\u0131 mal sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda maddi hukukun birle\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla\u00a0 imzalanm\u0131\u015f olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda taraf oldu\u011fu 1980 tarihli\u00a0 Milletleraras\u0131 Mal Sat\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (CISG) ise 67.68. ve 69. maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n amac\u0131, T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sisteminde kendine yer bulmu\u015f olan 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu ve sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelerdeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ulusal \u00f6l\u00e7ekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131m ili\u015fkilerinde bir \u00e7ok bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmak amac\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda taraf oldu\u011fu\u00a0 1980 tarihli\u00a0 Milletleraras\u0131 Mal Sat\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u00a0 (CISG) kapsam\u0131nda, \u00f6ncelikle hasar\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131larak, hasar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015finin hangi a\u015fama da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi, \u00a0bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin bor\u00e7 tipine g\u00f6re nas\u0131l bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterece\u011fi hususu anlat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak ve bu konuyla ilgili olarak belli ba\u015fl\u0131 ayr\u0131mlara gidilecektir.<\/p>

  1. HASARIN TANIMI<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>

    Hasar kavram\u0131 ve hasar\u0131n intikali konusu \u00a06098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu (TBK) ve 6102 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) kapsam\u0131nda incelendi\u011fi gibi\u00a0 s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan standart s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131 ICC taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve y\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde yenilenen INCOTERMS\u2019de ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda taraf oldu\u011fu\u00a0 1980 tarihli\u00a0 Milletleraras\u0131 Mal Sat\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda da (CISG) ayr\u0131 bir ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

    Genel olarak inceledi\u011fimizde TTK, TBK, CISG ve INCOTERMS\u2019in \u00e7e\u015fitli h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinde \u2018\u2019hasar\u2019\u2019 kavram\u0131na temas edilmekle beraber, bu kavram\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fi, hangi durum ve olaylar\u0131n hasar kapsam\u0131na girdi\u011fi belirtilmemi\u015ftir. Hasar, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye Arap\u00e7a\u2019dan giren bir kelimedir\u00a0\u00a0 ve birden \u00e7ok manada kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.[1]<\/a>Hasar\u2019\u0131n kelime anlam\u0131 \u2018\u2019Herhangi bir olay\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lma, d\u00f6k\u00fclme, y\u0131k\u0131lma gibi zarar\u2019\u2019 veya bir malda k\u0131r\u0131lma, d\u00f6k\u00fclme, bozulma gibi istek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedenlerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zarar \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.[2]<\/a>\u00a0T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019na g\u00f6re iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc hasar mevcuttur; geni\u015f anlamda hasar ve teknik anlamda hasar .<\/p>

    Geni\u015f anlamda hasar, hasar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck dildeki anlam\u0131 olup, bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkisi aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n, bir mal\u0131n yok olmas\u0131 veya zarara u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.[3]<\/a>\u00a0Burada yok olma veya k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmenin, yani geni\u015f anlamda hasar\u0131n, herhangi bir kimsenin kusurundan veya hi\u00e7 kimsenin sorumlu olmayaca\u011f\u0131 bir sebepten do\u011fmas\u0131 kural olarak \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maz.[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse bir evin depremde y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ilgili hasara evin sahibi katlanacakt\u0131r. Buradan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere geni\u015f anlamda hasar da bir tesad\u00fcfilik s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>

    Dar ve teknik anlamda hasar ise bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7erisinde meydana gelen hasarlard\u0131r. \u201c\u00d6zellikle bor\u00e7 m\u00fcnasebetlerinde, borcun do\u011fumu ile ifas\u0131 aras\u0131nda edan\u0131n bor\u00e7luya isnat olunamayan sebepler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ifan\u0131n imkans\u0131zla\u015fmas\u0131 halinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ifa engelinin olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkisinin taraflar\u0131ndan hangisinin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda do\u011faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde s\u00f6z konusu olur\u201d[5]<\/a>\u00a0Bu t\u00fcr hasara borca ili\u015fkin hasarda denilebilir. \u00d6\u011freti de borca ili\u015fkin hasarda edim ve kar\u015f\u0131 edim hasar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

    CISG\u2019de antla\u015fmay\u0131 haz\u0131rlayanlar taraf\u0131ndan hasar kavram\u0131na \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem atfedilmemi\u015ftir.[6]<\/a>\u00a0A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bir belirlemenin yanl\u0131zca mal\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 yani zarar g\u00f6rmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, d\u00fcnyadaki ulusal hukuk d\u00fczenlerine uygun oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>

    1. 6098 SAYILI T\u00dcRK BOR\u00c7LAR KANUNU\u2019NA G\u00d6RE HASARIN GE\u00c7\u0130\u015e\u0130<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>

      Hasar\u0131n Ge\u00e7i\u015fi konusu 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 208. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu madde ile birlikte s\u00f6zle\u015fme prensibini benimseyen \u00a0818 say\u0131l\u0131 eski T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 183. maddesinin i\u00e7eri\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek, hasar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu anda de\u011fil ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlarda zilyetli\u011fin devri, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda ise tapuya tescil an\u0131nda al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7ece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015f ve yine istisnalar sakl\u0131 tutulmu\u015ftur. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu andan sonra fakat ifas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce s\u00f6zle\u015fme konusu \u015fey kusursuz olarak imkans\u0131z hale gelirse, edim hasar\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131ya (karakteristik edim alacakl\u0131s\u0131), kar\u015f\u0131 edim hasar\u0131 da sat\u0131c\u0131ya (karakteristik edim bor\u00e7lusuna) ait olacakt\u0131r.[7]<\/a>\u00a0Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlarda zilyetli\u011fin devri ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda ise tapuya tescil olgular\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftikten sonra ise sat\u0131lan \u015fey bor\u00e7lunun kusuru olmadan telef olursa, \u00f6denmemi\u015f sat\u0131\u015f bedelinin \u00f6denmesi istenebilir.[8]<\/a>\u00a0H\u00fckm\u00fcn 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131lan\u0131n zilyetli\u011fini devralmada temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda zilyetli\u011fin devri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f\u00e7esine sat\u0131lan\u0131n yarar ve hasar\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7er denilerek kanun metninde temerr\u00fct durumunda \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenlemeye yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

      Bu konuya ili\u015fkin olarak HATEM\u0130; Burada bir yorum sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Acaba TBK M.208\/2\u2019deki varsay\u0131m\u0131 kabul edebilmek i\u00e7in, sat\u0131c\u0131 tevdi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmek zorundam\u0131d\u0131r? Bu soruya olumsuz bir cevap verilse bile, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse al\u0131c\u0131 devralmada temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015ferken kusursuz ise, hasar\u0131n sat\u0131c\u0131dan al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tevdi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmesini gerekli oldu\u011funu kabul etmek do\u011fru olur demi\u015ftir. Ancak al\u0131c\u0131, devralmada temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015ferken kusurlu ise, hasar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tevdi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilebilir denmi\u015ftir.[9]<\/a><\/p>

      Son f\u0131krada ise ; Sat\u0131c\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine sat\u0131lan\u0131 ifa yerinden ba\u015fka bir yere g\u00f6nderirse, yarar ve hasar, sat\u0131lan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya teslim edildi\u011fi anda al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7er denerek mesafeli sat\u0131\u015flarda hasar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fini mal\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya teslimine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

      6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu yeniliklerden biri de eski d\u00fczenlenmenin aksine cins bor\u00e7lar\u0131nda hasar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edilmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.[10]<\/a>\u00a0Bu d\u00fczenlemeye ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcuttur.\u00a0 \u00a0Doktrinde ki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ay\u0131rt edilmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunurken aksi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunanlar da olmu\u015ftur.[11]<\/a>\u00a0Aksi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunan ATAMER; cins bor\u00e7lar\u0131nda hasar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edilmeye gerek kalmayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin alacakl\u0131 temerr\u00fcd\u00fc ve g\u00f6nderilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan cins bor\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00a0ge\u00e7erli olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ET\u0130NER ise; cins bor\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in hasar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015fi konusunda herhangi bir ifade olmamas\u0131n\u0131n sebebini en ge\u00e7 zilyetli\u011fin devri an\u0131nda ay\u0131rt etme \u00a0i\u015fleminin yap\u0131lacak olmas\u0131na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12]<\/a><\/p>

      Bu konuya ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re cins bor\u00e7lar\u0131nda\u00a0 ay\u0131rt edilebilmeye gerek yoktur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00fczenlemede ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlarda zilyetli\u011fin devri ile hasar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131 ay\u0131rt edilme a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n da ge\u00e7ildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>

      Fakat d\u00fczenlemenin 2. K\u0131sm\u0131nda alacakl\u0131n\u0131n temerr\u00fcd\u00fc ve g\u00f6nderilecek bor\u00e7 ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu konuya ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131 bir d\u00fczenlemeye yer verilmi\u015ftir. Bu hususta da ATAMER\u2019e ve HATEM\u0130\u2019ye kat\u0131l\u0131yorum. \u015e\u00f6yleki 208. maddenin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u2018\u2019Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131lan\u0131n zilyetli\u011fini devralmada temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda zilyetli\u011fin devri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f\u00e7esine sat\u0131lan\u0131n yarar ve hasar\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7er.\u2019\u2019 \u0130baresine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Burada fiilen bir devir s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir, \u00f6yle varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple bu durumda ay\u0131rt edilmenin olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>

      Bununla birlikte HATEM\u0130\u2019nin de demi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi temerr\u00fct durumunda al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kusurunun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespitinin de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemesi gerekir.<\/p>